Unions and labour market institutions in Europe
研究二战后14个欧洲国家工会密度的演变，发现就业保护立法和工资指数化等制度会挤占工会，而工作场所代表权和集中工资谈判则促进工会化。
Union densityThe economic roles of unions and institutionsWe study the evolution of union density in 14 European countries over the postwar period in light of theoretical rationales for union membership. Unions offer not only wage bargaining strength, but also protection against uninsurable labour market risks, and similar protection may also be offered by labour market institutions. Empirically, such institutions as job security legislation and wage indexation do appear to crowd out unions. Conversely, institutional features that make it easier for unions to function (such as workplace representation and centralized wage bargaining) are empirically associated with higher unionization.Daniele Checchi and Claudio Lucifora