Organizational downsizing as convergence or reorientation: Implications for human resource management
提出组织裁员的两种基本方法：作为重新定位的裁员（用于重大裁员，追求根本性改变）和作为趋同的裁员（用于持续改进，优化流程），并分析每种方法对人力资源管理的不同影响。
Abstract This article proposes that there are two basic approaches to organizational downsizing. Downsizing as reorientation is the proper approach when organizations undertake major downsizing programs. In this approach, many elements of the organization are questioned and changed simultaneously. The goal is a fundamentally different, not just smaller, organization. Downsizing as convergence is part of continuous improvement, and its goal is to refine and streamline all ongoing organizational processes. Each of these approaches to downsizing involves a particular pattern of downsizing tactics, implementation processes, and organizational changes. Thus, each approach to downsizing generates different implications for human resource management.