Density Dependence and Spatial Duality in Organizational Founding Rates: Danish Commercial Banks, 1846-1989
研究了1846-1989年丹麦商业银行的创立率，检验了密度依赖理论中合法化与竞争在不同空间层面的作用，发现全国密度对哥本哈根银行创立有负面影响。
This paper examines founding rates of commercial banking organizations in Denmark between 1846 and 1989 with two main analytical objectives. The first is to provide an empirical test of the claim that density-dependent legitimation operates more broadly than density-dependent competition in the context of processes of organizational founding. The second objective strictly connected to the first is to learn more about the implications of using alternative analytical strategies to capture the effects of legitimation on organizational founding rates in the context of a specific empirical study. Predictions of the standard model of density dependence in organizational founding rates are found to be strongly supported at more aggregate levels of analysis. Because founding rates of banks located in Copenhagen are negatively affected by national density, only partial support is found for the multilevel density-dependence model. Finally, the paper documents the effects of asymmetric patterns of community-like interdependence between organizational sub-populations defined on a spatial basis. The results of the study help to clarify selected aspects of the problematic relationship between density and legitimation across different levels of analysis.