How to Judge Voting Schemes
审视了关于投票程序的研讨会成果，讨论了两个一般性问题：选民偏好是否独立于菜单，以及评估投票方案的正反两种方法（公理法和逆向法）。
This symposium on voting procedures presents many interesting findings and insights. This note scrutinizes them and discusses two general issues. First, the assumption that voters’ preferences are menu-independent (and based on one canonical ordering of the alternatives) underestimates the importance of the process of voting (voting for x, against y). Second, evaluation can be a two-way process, including the axiomatic method (of social choice theory), going from isolated properties to voting schemes, and the converse method of first identifying attractions and perversities of particular voting schemes (as in this symposium) and then using properties for later axiomatic use.