Third‐Country Effects and Second‐Best Grain Trade Policies: Export Subsidies and Bilateral Liberalization
分析出口补贴如何影响双边贸易自由化的收益，以美加硬粒小麦贸易为例，发现美国在出口补贴存在时从自由贸易中受损，但取消补贴后获益。
Abstract An incumbent export subsidy will affect the size and distribution of gains from bilateral trade liberalization but, in theory, may still permit increased trade volume and mutual benefits from freer trade. These points are illustrated using the case of Canada‐U.S. durum wheat trade, which grew rapidly following the 1989 Canadian‐U.S. Free Trade Agreement (CUSTA). An empirical analysis suggests that, given its Export Enhancement Program (EEP), the United States lost from freer trade in durum. Conversely, freer trade in durum means greater gains to the United States from eliminating EEP.