Race, Affirmative Action, and Women's Employment in US Highway Construction
分析了1980-1990年代波士顿、洛杉矶和奥克兰大型高速公路建设工地的就业数据，发现平权行动对女性就业有积极影响，且种族和性别在就业项目中应被同时考虑。
This paper analyzes employment hours, supplemented by interview data, from large highway construction sites in Boston, Los Angeles, and Oakland in the 1980s and 1990s. This study suggests that affirmative action positively affects the employment of women in construction and where there is more pressure, there are strongr results. Second, white women and women of color tend to work in trades that reflect the existing racial hierarchies among men. Therefore race as well as gender should be reflected in the design and measurement of the impacts of employment programs. Community organizing, advocacy for women and men of color, judicial oversight and positive efforts by unions and employers are still critical to bridging the gap between policy intentions and outcomes.