The Economic Lag of Central and Eastern Europe: Income Estimates for the Habsburg Successor States, 1870–1910
用代理指标估算了1870-1910年哈布斯堡继承国的人均GDP，填补了19世纪国民收入数据空白，支持了该地区在哈布斯堡统治下表现更乐观的观点，并可用于1870-1987年的国际收入比较。
The lack of nineteenth-century national income figures for the small states of present-day Central and Eastern Europe hampers studies of long-term economic development in the region. This article fills the gap by using a proxy approach to estimate GDP per capita on the territories of the Habsburg successor states for the period 1870 to 1910. The results give added support for more optimistic interpretations of the region's performance under Habsburg rule. More importantly, they can be linked to national income figures for later years and used directly in comparisons of international income levels between 1870 and 1987.