Agglomeration economies and industrial location: city-level evidence
利用西班牙城市数据，分析城市化经济和地方化经济对制造业区位的影响，发现多数行业受城市化经济驱动，少数受地方化经济影响，且邻近城市的人口或就业水平会增强集聚效应。
There is clear evidence that economic activity, in particular industrial activity, is unequally located in Spain. Further, the results from the analysis of single manufacturing sectors show an even higher spatial concentration. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the extent to which agglomeration economies account for this high industrial concentration. To this end, I analyse the influence of various types of agglomeration on the location of manufacturing employment in Spanish cities. I consider two types of agglomeration economies: <it>urbanization</it> economies (associated with a city's population and employment levels and the diversity of its productive structure) and <it>localization</it> economies (associated with a city's specialization in one specific sector). Special attention is given to the geographical unit of analysis by employing spatial econometric techniques that allow the influence of agglomeration effects extending beyond a city's limits to be considered. The results demonstrate that agglomeration economies influence the location of manufacturing activity, with most sectors being influenced by urbanization economies and a few by localization economies. In some sectors, population or employment levels in neighboring cities were found to enhance a city's agglomeration economies.