Dynamic Supply Response and Welfare Effects of Technological Change on Perennial Crops: The Case of Cocoa in Malaysia
研究现代生物技术对多年生作物（如马来西亚可可）的供给反应和福利影响，发现消费者和采用新技术的生产者获益，未采用者受损，72%的福利收益归于消费者。
Abstract Modern biotechnology will generate crops with higher yields and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases. In the case of perennial crops, the age composition of the present stand, the farmers' willingness to invest, and the yield profiles of old and new trees determine the speed of adoption of the new technology and the timing of the effects on supply and demand conditions. We adapt conventional welfare measures to account for these factors in the assessment of research induced supply shifts. The application to cocoa in Malaysia shows that consumers and adopting producers gain and non‐adopters lose. Overall, 72% of the welfare gains go to the consumers.