Estimating the profits from trading strategies
发现订单价格改善随规模接近报价深度而下降，大订单甚至为负，并指出利用小公司周度可预测性的交易策略会被交易成本吞噬。
Price improvement is the difference between the execution price of an order and the quoted bid or ask when the order was submitted. We show that expected price improvement falls off dramatically as the size of the order approaches the quoted depth, and becomes negative for larger orders. This is particularly important for small firms because the quoted depths are low. Using quoted spreads and depths and our estimate of expected price improvement, we show that trading strategies that attempt to exploit the weekly predictability of small-firm returns would be swamped by transaction costs.