The Nature and Extent of Discrimination in the Marketplace: Evidence from the Field
结合体育卡市场双边谈判数据和田野实验，分析歧视的性质，发现少数群体获得更差报价，且歧视主要源于统计性歧视而非敌意。
Empirical studies have provided evidence that discrimination exists in various markets, but they rarely allow the analyst to draw conclusions concerning the nature of discrimination. By combining data from bilateral negotiations in the Sportscard market with complementary field experiments, this study provides a framework that amends this shortcoming. The experimental design, which includes data gathered from more than 1100 market participants, provides sharp findings: (i) there is a strong tendency for minorities to receive initial and final offers that are inferior to those received by majorities, and (ii) overall, the data indicate that the observed discrimination is not due to animus, but represents statistical discrimination.