Marketing Orders as Nontariff Trade Barriers
分析国际贸易中最低质量标准的影响，发现一国可通过引入该标准获益，但两国无法同时获益，表明其符合非关税贸易壁垒的定义。
Abstract Previous analysis shows that, under autarky, all groups must lose from minimum quality standards with symmetric information. We find that, with international trade, it is possible for one country to gain by introducing minimum quality standards. However, it is not possible for both countries to gain from the standards. This result implies that minimum‐quality standards are nontariff trade barriers using the Walter and Baldwin criteria.