On the Measurement of Organizational Slack
提出组织冗余的操作化测量方法，并开发了一种基于二手财务数据的指标，以解决该概念缺乏实证测量的问题。
According to various writers, organizational slack serves to reduce goal conflict, to reduce information processing needs, to promote political behavior, or to facilitate certain strategic behaviors. The salient feature is that the slack construct is usually discussed without a concurrent attempt at empirical measurement. In this article I propose several operational measures, and develop one that allows the use of secondary (financial) data.