Tyre price dispersion across retail outlets in the UK
研究了英国轮胎零售市场中，即使对严格定义的产品，不同门店间也存在显著价格差异，且这种差异与零售商-制造商互动有关。制造商自有门店售价平均比独立店高近20%，比自有品牌产品高11%以上。
We investigate price dispersion in a retail market (car tyres) characterised by outlets each selling a range of products, some of which are manufactured by their owners. Consumers face substantial price dispersion across outlets even for very tightly defined products. We show that this price dispersion has systematic components relating to retailer‐manufacturer interactions. One specific result is that chains owned by manufacturers sell other manufacturers' tyres on average nearly 20% more expensively than do independent stores and over 11% more expensively than their own equivalent branded product.