Heterogeneity, Tournaments, and Hierarchies
证明锦标赛合同能同时激励风险中性的异质性工人付出最优努力并自我选择到对应能力的合同，但层级组织中少见此类合同，并探讨了原因。
Tournament contracts are characterized that simultaneously elicit first-best efficient effort levels and self -selection of risk-neutral heterogeneous workers into ability-specific contracts. Comparisons across self-selected ability types are shown to be sometimes necessary to attain efficiency. Rationales are explored for not commonly observing such contracts in hierarchical organizations. Copyright 1988 by University of Chicago Press.