The connection between public transfers and private interfamily transfers
研究私人转移支付如何影响公共转移支付的减贫效果，发现交换动机的私人转移可能放大公共转移的效果，而非替代它。
This paper investigates the anti-poverty effectiveness of public transfers taking private-transfer responses into account. Widespread, altruistically motivated private transfers would neutralize the distributional impact of public transfers. But exchange-motivated transfers can reinforce the effects of public transfers on the distribution of economic well-being. The common technique for gauging anti-poverty effectiveness (subtracting public transfers from other income and measuring the poverty-rate counterfactual) yields results that are close to a more complex procedure that takes private-transfer responses into account. And some of the empirical findings suggest an exchange, rather than altruistic, motive for private transfers, indicating that the effects of public transfers can be magnified by private behavior. This is an exact reversal of the prediction that public transfers merely supplant private ones.