Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency
提出效果逻辑概念，认为解释企业等人工制品的创造需要效果逻辑而非因果逻辑，并通过商业案例和思想实验说明其与现有理论的联系，为未来实证研究提供可检验命题。
In economics and management theories, scholars have traditionally assumed the existence of artifacts such as firms/organizations and markets. I argue that an explanation for the creation of such artifacts requires the notion of effectuation. Causation rests on a logic of prediction, effectuation on the logic of control. I illustrate effectuation through business examples and realistic thought experiments, examine its connections with existing theories and empirical evidence, and offer a list of testable propositions for future empirical work.