Price and quantity endogeneity in demand analysis: evidence from directed acyclic graphs
提出用有向图方法研究需求分析中的价格与数量内生性问题，并以美国肉类消费数据为例，发现牛肉和禽肉的零售价格是预先决定的，而猪肉的消费量相对于价格是预先决定的。
Abstract We propose to use the emerging method of directed graphs to study price/quantity endogeneity issues in empirical demand analysis. The approach is illustrated through the examination of U.S. meat consumption. We find that for two major meat products (beef and poultry), retail prices contemporaneously caused quantities consumed, thus were predetermined. In contrast, the quantity consumed of pork appeared to be predetermined relative to its price.