The Art of Saying No: Linking Power to Culture
从微观政治视角研究拒绝请求如何成为社会化和文化适应过程，并强化权力分配。基于三国样本，分类了拒绝仪式策略，并讨论了管理员工服从的困难。
This paper applies a micro-political perspective in examining how the art of saying no — that is, refusing requests — is not only a form of socialization and acculturation but also serves to reinforce the distribution of power and authority as a shared social fact. The delivery of bad news from superiors to subordinates becomes a forum for articulating organizational values. Critical incidents of 'refusal ritual' tactics collected from a three-nation sample of lower level participants are categorized and illustrated. Some difficulties in managing the compliance of employees after the refusal are noted, as well as organizational mechanisms for discouraging requests.