Why it is Difficult to Implement Industrial Policies: Lessons from the Synfuels Experience
以美国合成燃料项目为例，分析了政府干预型产业政策实施困难的原因，包括商业机会与政府障碍的抵消、政治联盟构建的复杂性、企业间竞争以及市场力量变化等因素。
An example of a recent effort to initiate and sustain a strongly interventionists, long-term industrial policy is the U.S. Government9s synfuels program. In this case, increased opportunities for business gain were offset by government-erected barriers to business development. The complexities of political coalition building and inter-business rivalry also hindered the progress of the program. General lessons to be learned are that changes in market forces, the tendency of both government and business toward fragmentation, and design problems can make this type of industrial policy hard to establish and implement. In the absence of a lasting crisis which mobilizes a large segment of the population or a profound change in market forces which has the effect of realigning business-government relations, the systematic pursuit of such long-term industrial policies is not likely.