The Influence of Biodiversity Provision on the Cost Structure of Swedish Dairy Farming
利用对称广义麦克法登成本函数，分析了瑞典奶牛场生物多样性供给与生产成本的关系，发现生物多样性边际成本随供给增加而上升，且与牛奶、牛肉等市场商品成本呈竞争关系，为环境政策设计提供依据。
Abstract Multi‐functionality and the provision of eco‐system services are politically highly prioritised aspects of farming. This study uses a Symmetric Generalised McFadden cost function to analyze the relationship between costs of production and the provision of biodiversity for Swedish milk farms. Biodiversity indicators are based on the number of valuable plant species present at the farm and are modeled as an output in the cost function. The results show that the marginal cost of biodiversity increases with higher provision, and that an increased provision of biodiversity also increases the costs of market commodities such as milk and beef. The upward slope of the marginal cost of biodiversity and its competitive relationship with market goods questions the efficiency of support schemes based on voluntary programmes with a flat‐rate per hectare compensation. Instead, the results support targeted environmental policy schemes with zonings and/or the use of biodiversity indicators.