Impacts of price and exchange rate policies on pesticide use in the Philippines
研究了菲律宾政府的价格与汇率政策如何通过影响农药价格，进而激励或抑制农民采用综合虫害管理方法，发现净效应是6%至8%的农药补贴，但未考虑健康外部性。
Pesticide prices can influence producer decisions to apply pesticides as opposed to nonchemical means of pest control. Those prices are in tum influenced by price and exchange rate policies. The effective rate of protection for nine pesticides commonly applied to vegetables in the Philippines was calculated to determine whether government policies are creating incentives or disincentives to adopt more integrated pest management methods. Calculations found that direct price policies, primarily through an import tariff, tax pesticide use while an overvalued exchange rate subsidizes pesticide use. The net effect is a 6 to 8% pesticide subsidy. This subsidy results in economic surplus gains to vegetable producers and consumers when negative externalities associated with pesticide use are not accounted for. However, recent analysis of human health effects of pesticide use on rice in the Philippines demonstrates that these externalities can be substantial. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.