Organizational Dualism and Quality Circles
提出组织二元性（质量圈只是其一种表现）具有普遍适用性，设计良好的二元结构组织应优于单一结构，并指出质量圈设计文献与二元性理论的不一致可能解释其失败原因，提出改进建议。
This paper argues that organizational dualism, of which quality circles are only one manifestation, has general applicability and that an organization with a well-designed dualistic structure should outperform one with a well-designed monostructure. The literature on quality-circle design is not entirely consistent with the theory of organizational dualism, and this might explain why some applications of quality circles have failed. Changes that could improve the basic design of quality circles are suggested.