Agricultural trade liberalization and economic development: the role of downstream market power
构建模型模拟发达国家食品市场结构对发展中国家农产品出口收益的影响，发现即使市场偏离完全竞争不严重，贸易自由化的好处也会大量流向营销企业而非生产者。
Abstract A model is developed to characterize the vertically linked and concentrated nature of developed‐country food markets. This model is then parameterized and used to simulate the effects of varying food market structures on the benefits to developing‐country exporters of agricultural commodities from trade liberalization by developed countries. Results demonstrate that even relatively modest departures from perfect competition can cause much of the benefits from trade liberalization to flow to marketing firms instead of producers in the developing country. The distributional effects under downstream market power differ significantly from the perfectly competitive case and may result, somewhat paradoxically, in developing countries receiving a lower share of the total value added within the food chain as trade reform occurs.