IMPORTER LOYALTY IN THE INTERNATIONAL WHEAT MARKET
研究了国际小麦市场中进口商对出口商的忠诚度，通过重复购买行为衡量，发现美国相比加拿大和欧盟拥有更强的进口商忠诚度。
Important political and institutional relationships exist between most grain‐trading partners. In many cases the purpose of these relationships is to enhance importer loyalty to a particular exporter. This paper tests for loyalty in the world wheat market. Loyalty is measured by repeat purchases. An application of the Markov model is used to analyse loyalty and to explain international trade flows in wheat. Results show that in general the United States has relatively strong import loyalty compared to the other exporters such as Canada and the European Community.