Credit Card Redlining
利用信用历史数据库，将基于位置的种族信息与个人信用档案关联，发现即使控制地区因素，黑人居住区的合格申请人获得的信贷额度仍显著低于白人区，且证据表明发卡机构根据地理位置决定放贷。
This paper evaluates the presence of racial disparities in the issuance of consumer credit. Using a database of credit histories, I link location-based information on race with individual credit files. After controlling for place-specific factors such as housing vacancy rates and general population demographics, I find qualitatively large differences in the amount of credit offered to similarly qualified applicants living in black versus white areas. High data quality allows distinguishing between issuer-provision (supply) and utilization of credit (demand). Additional estimates using information on payday lending provide support for idea that issuers condition lending on location. © 2011 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.