A Theory of Participation in Elections
构建了一个选举参与模型，其中投票有成本且无决定性作用，但道德代理人因内生义务感而参与，模型预测高投票率且比较静态结果与策略行为一致。
We analyze a model of participation in elections in which voting is costly and no vote is pivotal. Ethical agents are motivated to participate when they determine that agents of their type are obligated to do so. Unlike previous duty-based models of participation, in our model an ethical agent's obligation to vote is determined endogenously as a function of the behavior of other agents. Our model predicts high turnout and comparative statics that are consistent with strategic behavior.