Estimating Relative Standard of Living in the United States Using Cross‐Migration Data
提出一种新估计量，利用迁移数据和“用脚投票”模型比较美国各州相对生活水平，生成1970、1980、1990年排名，发现西北部和南大西洋沿岸生活水平最高，1980年系统可能因能源价格冲击而失衡。
A new estimator links migration data to a random utility “voting with your feet” model to compare the relative living standards of pairs of regions. It is argued that this estimator has a firmer theoretical basis and uses migration information more efficiently than previous methods. An algorithm converts pairwise comparisons into rankings of the U.S. states for 1970, 1980, and 1990. The rankings indicate living standards were highest in the Northwest (1970, 1980) and the south Atlantic coast (1990). A nonparametric test suggests that the system was in disequilibrium in 1980 (probably due to energy price shocks), but near equilibrium in 1970 and 1990.