Standardization Across Markets and Entry
研究了销售单一组件的企业如何通过标准化来限制潜在进入者，发现标准化可以作为一种承诺机制，使企业在不同子市场收取相同价格，从而阻止新企业进入。
In many industries, consumers combine several components to build their own "system." This paper analyzes the incentives to standardize among firms selling a single component to consumers who have already acquired the rest of the system. By selling a component that can work with different systems, a firm credibly commits itself to charging the same price in all the submarkets. It is shown that this can be an optimal strategy for an incumbent who wants to restrict the scope of entry. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.