Co‐operation and the urban environment: An exploration
研究了城市环境问题（如街道垃圾）中的合作机制，以印度马德拉斯固体废物管理为例，分析了影响合作的条件，发现委员会管理风格和范围经济重要，而群体规模对合作无影响。
Many urban environmental problems (such as littering of streets) arise from the open access character of the resource concerned and can be analysed in the framework of co-operation. Studies in the context of rural commons have indicated that though seeming to be violating a narrow definition of rationality, people do cooperate. This paper attempts to explore some issues in the context of the urban environment, focusing on solid waste management in Madras, India, and a co-operation based institution called Exnora. A number of hypotheses on the conditions affecting co-operation are examined. While group size may be relevant for costs, it does not have any impact on co-operation. The management style of committees and economies of scope seem to be important.