Problems With Item Parceling for Confirmatory Factor Analytic Tests of Measurement Invariance
研究了在验证性因子分析中，将项目打包成包裹作为指标会严重损害测量不变性检验的准确性，模拟数据表明包裹模型比项目模型更易错误地认为存在测量不变性。
Combining items into parcels in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) can improve model estimation and fit. Because adequate model fit is imperative for CFA tests of measurement invariance, parcels have frequently been used. However, the use of parcels as indicators in a CFA model can have serious detrimental effects on tests of measurement invariance. Using simulated data with a known lack of invariance, the authors illustrate how models using parcels as indicator variables erroneously indicate that measurement invariance exists much more often than do models using items as indicators. Moreover, item-by-item tests of measurement invariance were often more informative than were tests of the entire parameter matrices.