Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Licensing of University Inventions
通过调查美国大学，论证了大多数被许可的技术处于胚胎状态，需要发明人合作，因此发明人的收入必须与许可方的产出挂钩（如版税或股权），否则无法实现商业化。
Proponents of the Bayh-Dole Act argue that industrial use of federally funded research would be reduced without university patent licensing. Our survey of U.S. universities supports this view, emphasizing the embryonic state of most technologies licensed and the need for inventor cooperation in commercialization. Thus, for most university inventions, there is a moral-hazard problem with inventor effort. For such inventions, development does not occur unless the inventor's income is tied to the licensee's output by payments such as royalties or equity. Sponsored research from the licensee cannot by itself solve this problem.