Voluntary environmental initiatives and sustainable industry
评估自愿环境倡议在向可持续产业转型中的作用，指出其在环境有效性、经济效率和公平性方面存在不确定性，并强调需要改进设计和分析以发挥其潜力。
Voluntary environmental initiatives are private or public efforts to improve corporate environmental performance beyond existing legal requirements. Voluntary initiatives have become an important element in the mix of public policies and corporate strategies for managing industrial impacts on the environment, but considerable uncertainty exists concerning the effectiveness, efficiency and fairness of voluntary programs relative to other policy instruments. This paper considers the potential role for voluntary initiatives in the transition toward more sustainable industrial systems, in light of these criteria. Several pervasive problems have hindered evaluation of their environmental effectiveness so far including poorly specified objectives, inadequate data on results and poorly specified baselines for comparison. Economic models indicate that in different circumstances, voluntary approaches may increase or decrease economic efficiency. However, these conditions remain poorly understood. Little if any analysis so far has focused on the intergenerational and intragenerational equity of voluntary approaches. Evaluations of negotiated agreements indicate that they often reduce the ability of outside parties to observe both the process and the outcomes of a policy relative to regulations. These considerations suggest that while voluntary initiatives can help us move toward more sustainable industrial systems, considerable advances in the design and analysis of voluntary initiatives will be required to harness their full potential. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment