High Unemployment Yet Few Small Firms: The Role of Centralized Bargaining in South Africa
研究南非集中谈判制度（工会大企业将仲裁协议扩展至非工会小企业）对就业的影响，发现该制度使行业就业减少8-13%，损失集中在小型企业。
South Africa has very high unemployment, yet few adults work informally in small firms. This paper tests whether centralized bargaining, by which unionized large firms extend arbitration agreements to nonunionized smaller firms, contributes to this problem. While local labor market characteristics influence the location of these agreements, their coverage is spatially discontinuous, allowing identification by spatial regression discontinuity. Centralized bargaining agreements are found to decrease employment in an industry by 8–13 percent, with losses concentrated among small firms. These effects are not explained by resettlement to uncovered areas, and are robust to a wide variety of controls for unobserved heterogeneity.