Academic research and industrial innovation: An update of empirical findings
更新了1975-1985年间关于新产品和新工艺基于近期学术研究比例的估计，基于1986-1994年77家主要企业的数据，发现总体结果与之前相似，但各行业间存在差异。
In 1991, I published in this journal estimates of the percentage of new products and processes based on recent academic research—that is, academic research occurring within 15 years of the commercialization of whatever innovation is being considered— in the drug and medical product, information processing, chemical, electrical, instruments, metals, and Ž . oil industries in 1975–1985 Mansfield, 1991, 1992 . Because there has been considerable interest in such estimates , I have gathered similar data from a sample of 77 major firms for 1986–1994, the only significant difference in the sample design being that the machinery industry, which is reasonably active in this regard, has been substituted for oil. 3 Table 1 shows that the overall results for 1986– 1994 are very similar to those for 1975–1985, although particular industries sometimes vary substantially, as one might expect. The industry means in