REAL INEQUALITY IN EUROPE SINCE 1500
提出真实不平等概念，考察相对价格变动对不同收入阶层购买力的影响，发现1500-1800年间必需品涨价而奢侈品降价加剧了生活方式不平等，19世纪工业化与全球化逆转了这一趋势。
Introducing a concept of real, as opposed to nominal, inequality of income or wealth suggests some historical reinterpretations, buttressed by a closer look at consumption by the rich. The purchasing powers of different income classes depend on how relative prices move. Relative prices affected real inequality more strongly in earlier centuries than in the twentieth. Between 1500 and about 1800, staple food and fuels became dearer, while luxury goods, especially servants, became cheaper, greatly widening the inequality of lifestyles. Peace, industrialization, and globalization reversed this inegalitarian price effect in the nineteenth century, at least for England.