Premiums to employment in larger establishments: evidence from Peru
研究秘鲁城市男性工人中企业规模与工资的关系，发现大型企业支付工资溢价，且不能用工人质量、工作条件或工会解释，最小工资影响很小，而减少离职和提高士气的效率工资假说值得进一步研究。
Examination of the employer size–wage effect for males in urban Peru suggests the following. Higher wages in larger establishments do not merely compensate for higher worker quality or inferior working conditions. Size differences in the use of rising wage–tenure profiles cannot provide a market-clearing explanation for the employer size–wage effect unless workers are extremely impatient. Thus, larger employers appear to pay premiums. Unionization explains none of the premiums, and minimum wage compliance explains at best a small fraction. Shirking-based efficiency wage explanations for premiums are implausible because Peruvian job security legislation greatly inhibits dismissals in larger establishments. Explanations meriting further research involve the use of high wages to reduce turnover and to improve productivity-enhancing morale.