Bias and Stability of Multiplier Estimates
用实证数据和蒙特卡洛模拟评估里昂惕夫乘数估计的偏误问题，发现线性乘数估计实际上是无偏的，并分析了其方差性质。
A number of analytical contributions have given sufficient conditions under which Leontief multiplier estimates are biased. This paper uses empirical data and a Monte Carlo framework to evaluate the problem of bias and obtains the opposite conclusions. For practical purposes, it appears that linear multiplier estimates are unbiased. The variance properties of these estimates are also evaluated. Copyright 1989 by MIT Press.