Exclusive contracts and demand foreclosure
研究企业如何通过排他性合同剥夺竞争对手的最小可行规模，将其逐出市场以增强市场势力，并分析违约罚金条款对排他动机的影响。
A firm may induce some customers to sign exclusive contracts in order to deprive a rival of the minimum viable size, exclude it from the market, and enjoy increased market power. This strategy may result in socially inefficient exclusion even if the excluded firm is present at the contracting stage and can make counteroffers. In addition, allowing for breach penalty clauses decreases firms’ incentives to exclude rivals, because such clauses allow a firm to use customers as a conduit for the transfer of another firm’s profits.