The Bridge to the ‘Real World’: Applied Science or a ‘Schizophrenic Tour de Force’?*
质疑学术成果能直接转化为管理实践的观点，从社会系统视角提出‘应用科学虚构’概念，揭示学术系统应对外部压力时使用的四种策略，并以波特竞争战略为例说明。
abstract This article concerns those publications which have received considerable attention in an academic as well as in a practical context. In these rare cases, it seems that it was possible to transfer scientific findings more or less directly into managerial implications. This widely shared view is contrasted with a socials systems perspective. From this point of view there cannot be a direct application of scientific knowledge. This also holds true for the classic examples of applied science. It is argued that even in these cases there is no evidence of linear knowledge transfer but rather ‘Applied Science Fiction’ (ASF). ASF comprises all techniques with which the scientific system reacts to external application pressure without having to relinquish its own self‐referential logic. Different forms of ASF are introduced. These are retrofitting, reputation, symbolic labels and undisciplined eclecticism. The ASF‐concept will be illustrated by Michael Porter's Competitive Strategy . Paradoxically, however, the conventional concept of application and ASF are a barrier for the sustainable relevance of management studies.