Growth and Equity in Developing Countries: A Reinterpretation of the Sri Lankan Experience
重新评估斯里兰卡直接福利政策（1960-78）与间接增长政策（1977-84）的效果，发现后者在人均增长、不平等和贫困消费方面表现更优。
In the important debate between the proponents of direct (basic needs) and indirect (economic growth) measures of promoting welfare, Sri Lanka has frequently been cited as one country which has successfully pursued the direct approach—it has raised living standards without much cost in terms of reduced growth. This conclusion, however, is based on analyses which do not account for the initial conditions of the countries being compared. After methodologically incorporating these concerns, neither the improvement in living standards nor the 2.0 percent per capita growth rate during the period of direct policy measures (1960–78) was exceptional. In contrast, during the period of more indirect growth-promoting policies (1977–84), (i) economic growth more than doubled to an average rate of 4.3 percent per capita per annum; (ii) expenditure inequality did not significantly change; (iii) consumption expenditures of the population, and the poor, generally increased; and (iv) several living standard indicators continued to improve.