Welfare States in Hard Times
分析了福利国家在失业、不平等、人口老龄化等压力下，总支出仍上升，福利削减幅度有限，且福利慷慨度对贫困和不平等影响巨大，在多数欧洲国家仍受欢迎。
Welfare states have been subject to a host of conflicting pressures from high unemployment, rising income inequality, population aging, tax competition, rising budget deficits and debts, slow growth, and fears that economic dynamism was being stifled by excessive taxes and benefit levels. Nevertheless total spending on welfare has edged up in many countries and cuts in rates of benefit have generally been fairly modest. The generosity of the welfare state has an enormous influence on poverty and income inequality and still appears to be popular in most of Europe. Suggestions that society would benefit from reduced working time must reckon with the fact that it is paid work which generates the tax revenue required to fund welfare spending.