Pensions and Retirement Among Black Union Army Veterans
研究了非劳动收入转移对黑人民兵退伍军人退休率和生活安排的影响，发现黑人对收入转移的反应比白人更敏感，有助于理解20世纪初退休率与生活安排的种族差异。
I examine the effects of an unearned income transfer on the retirement rates and living arrangements of black Union Army veterans. I find that blacks were more than twice as responsive as whites to income transfers in their retirement decisions and 6 to 8 times as responsive in their choice of independent living arrangements. My findings have implications for understanding racial differences in rates of retirement and independent living at the beginning of the twentieth century, the rise in retirement prior to 1930, and the subsequent convergence in black-white retirement rates and living arrangements.