The Organizational Dimensions of Creativity: Motion Picture Production
研究了高创意产品的内部或合同生产面临的管理难题，包括难以监督努力和产出不确定导致的成本失控，以及市场采购中的赢家诅咒风险，并指出创意含量越高，内部或合同生产的相对风险越大，以20世纪中期美国电影业为例。
Internal or contractual production of highly creative products requires managers to assess both unobservable effort and uncertain output, leading to lack of cost control. Similarly, in procuring creative products in the marketplace, managers face the unavoidable winner's curse risk. Since this risk is, to a large extent, independent of the creative nature of the product, the higher the creative content, the higher the relative hazards associated with internal or contractual production. Thus, internal/contractual production of creative goods will tend to be less prevalent the higher the creative content associated with its production. The evolution of the U.S. film industry in the mid-20th century provides examples and implications for managing highly creative activities and ventures.