On the Persistence of Leadership or Leapfrogging in International Trade
研究两个质量起点不同的国家开放贸易后，质量领先者保持优势还是被后来者超越，发现只有初始差距不大时才能实现跨越，且风险主导标准下只有领先者均衡被选中，说明国内市场条件决定国际竞争力。
When two countries starting from different quality levels (reflecting different conditions on domestic market demands) open to trade, two possible equilibria arise. In the first, the quality leader maintains its position. In the second, leapfrogging occurs. However, the latter is possible only if the initial quality gap is not too wide. Further, when the risk dominance criterion is used, only the former equilibrium is selected. These results suggest that initial conditions (such as domestic market size or home demand preferences) are important factors in determining relative competitiveness of firms in international markets.