Practitioner Research for Organizational Knowledge
探讨了内部人行动研究这一被忽视的研究形式，强调从业者作为组织成员能贡献独特的内部知识，并区分了机械导向和有机导向两种行动研究模式。
Insider action research is a relatively neglected form of research on organizations. Insider research is valuable because it draws on the experience of practitioners as complete members of their organizations and so makes a distinctive contribution to the development of insider knowledge about organizations and organizational change. We are all insiders in our own families and organizations and a distinctive quality of knowledge generalizable to that experience can come from insider action research. Within insider research, action research has a particular contribution to make to organizational research as it generates useful knowledge about how organizations manage change and how key actors perceive and enact their roles with regard to change. Two distinct patterns within action research may be seen. Mechanistic-oriented action research encompasses traditional action research as expressed in organization development and participatory action research, leading to pragmatic outcomes such as the management of change or problem resolution. Organistic-oriented action research is more complex and subversive because it is guided by a primary aspiration to study the inquiry process and help it transform through increasingly intensive learning in action.