Risk Mitigation in Large-Scale Systems: Lessons from High Reliability Organizations
主张从单一组织转向组织系统来管理灾难风险，基于高可靠性组织研究提出大规模系统的风险缓解措施，重点关注自主性与相互依赖、行为的有意与无意后果、问题潜伏期长及风险迁移等特征。
This article argues that we should turn our attention from single organizations to systems of organizations if we are to manage in a way that reduces the potential for catastrophic outcomes in organizations. Risk mitigation measures for large-scale systems are derived from research on high reliability organizations (HROs). The article focuses on characteristics similar to both types of systems—which include simultaneous autonomy and interdependence, intended and unintended consequences of behavior, long incubation periods during which problems can arise, and risk migration—and shows how risk mitigation principles that evolved from HRO research can be applied to large-scale systems.