Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
比较二十世纪上半叶有选民倡议的州与无此机制的州，发现前者在控制收入等因素后总支出更高，但州级支出占比更低，表明倡议机制不改变政府总规模，但促使支出更分散。
This paper compares the fiscal policy of initiative and noninitiative states in the first half of the twentieth century. States with initiatives had higher combined state and local expenditure after controlling for income and other demographics but a lower ratio of state to local expenditure. This, together with existing evidence from later in the century, suggests that the voter initiative does not have a consistent effect on the overall size of state and local government. However, it does systematically lead to more decentralized expenditure.