Organizations as Penetrated Hierarchies: Environmental Pressures and Control in Professional Organizations
通过三个欧洲国家公立大学的案例研究，分析了环境特征（制度压力、资源环境、外部社会关系）如何影响专业知识密集型组织的控制模式，特别是权力集中和社会关系正式化两个维度。
Organizational control and environmental influences on organizational behavior are central themes in organization studies, yet little effort has been made to bring them together. In this paper we seek to contribute to filling this gap by investigating and conceptualizing environmental influences on organizational control. The paper examines patterns of organizational control and their environmental couplings through three parallel case studies of public universities in three European countries. We provide a systematic characterization of the space of configurations of control in professional knowledge-intensive organizations along the two axes of centralization of power and formalization of social relationships. We show that environmental characteristics do matter for the contestation and selection of control models. Finally, we unpack and conceptualize the synergetic influence of three environmental characteristics (institutional pressures, resource environment, and external social relationships) as providing sources of legitimacy and power for specific control regimes.