Firm Strategies for Costly Engineering Learning
打开学习的黑箱，将干中学视为工程师团队有意识的知识创造过程，分析影响学习速度的因素，如工程资源成本、时间视野、产出增长率和知识可转移性，并解释日美企业学习速度差异。
The models developed in this paper seek to open up the ‘black-box’ of learning. I suggest that we need to think of learning-by-doing as a process of knowledge creation on the shop-floor by specialized teams of engineers. Learning is to be viewed, therefore, as a conscious decision and not a mere by-product of production. The models in this paper provide the basis for understanding international and inter-firm differences in rates of learning. For example, cheaper engineering resources, longer time horizons, faster output growth rates and superior transferability of knowledge from engineers to production workers are shown to be some possible factors responsible for faster learning in Japanese firms compared to U.S. firms.